SLD Studio — complete caption-led course Pause after each action and practise. Numerical inputs are provisional training values. 00:00:00.000 Get started / Welcome The play icon beside More opens your training course. Dismiss this welcome to begin drawing; you can return to the course at any time. 00:00:11.000 Get started / Canvas Close the Start an SLD panel. The library supplies equipment, the centre is your drawing canvas, and the ribbon contains drawing modes and studies. 00:00:22.000 Get started / More Click More to find project files, view tools, drawing layout, exports and engineering settings. 00:00:30.000 Get started / Settings Open Project settings before drawing. Give your project a meaningful title and set its document details so exported drawings and reports are identifiable. 00:00:41.000 Get started / Title Enter a drawing title: Training network — drawing practice. Use your project name and revision for real work. 00:00:50.000 Get started / Grid Keep Snap to grid enabled for neat placement. The grid spacing is a drawing aid; it does not define cable length or electrical impedance. 00:01:01.000 Get started / Apply Apply the project settings. Changes become part of the editable project that you will save later. 00:01:09.000 Get started / Levels Open Voltage levels. This network needs 132 kV utility connections, 33 kV buses and 11 kV generator terminals. 00:01:18.000 Get started / Level name Use clear voltage-level names. Rename the 11 kV level to 11 kV; the nominal voltage remains 11. 00:01:27.000 Get started / Level save Apply the voltage hierarchy. Before placing equipment, select its system voltage in the drawing library. 00:01:35.000 Buses and bus couplers / Pick With 33 kV active, click Busbar in the library. The new symbol is selected on the canvas. 00:01:44.000 Buses and bus couplers / Edit Click Edit properties on the selected bus. Double-clicking the symbol opens the same form. 00:01:52.000 Buses and bus couplers / Name Replace the automatic tag with Bus A. Tags identify equipment in the drawing, results and reports. 00:02:00.000 Buses and bus couplers / Length Enter a drawing length of 900 px to leave room for several feeder connections. This changes the symbol size only. 00:02:10.000 Buses and bus couplers / Rating Enter the continuous-current rating: 2000 A in this training example. Use the equipment rating from your own records. 00:02:19.000 Buses and bus couplers / Apply Click Apply changes. Check that Bus A appears on the canvas and that the 33 kV system voltage is correct. 00:02:29.000 Buses and bus couplers / Fit Click the drawing, then press F to fit all equipment. Use this whenever the drawing extends beyond the screen. 00:02:38.000 Buses and bus couplers / Duplicate Duplicate the selected bus with the Duplicate button or Ctrl+D. The copy retains its electrical parameters; give it a new tag. 00:02:48.000 Buses and bus couplers / Copy edit Open the duplicated bus properties to distinguish it from Bus A. 00:02:56.000 Buses and bus couplers / B name Name the copy Bus B. Duplicating equipment saves time, but always check copied ratings and operating states. 00:03:05.000 Buses and bus couplers / B apply Apply the new name. Next, move Bus B beside Bus A with room for the bus coupler. 00:03:14.000 Buses and bus couplers / Zoom out Use More → Zoom out to make room for all three buses. Pan moves your view; Select moves equipment. 00:03:23.000 Buses and bus couplers / Position a In Select mode, drag Bus A to the left. Leave space above it for incoming feeders and below it for outgoing loads. 00:03:33.000 Buses and bus couplers / Position b Drag Bus B alongside Bus A. Keep a gap between their ends for a bus coupler. 00:03:41.000 Buses and bus couplers / Gap Leave a visible gap between bus sections. Touching drawn lines alone is not a verified electrical connection; we will join the buses through breaker terminals. 00:03:52.000 Buses and bus couplers / Select pan In Pan mode, click equipment to select it without moving it. Its quick-action toolbar appears above the symbol. 00:04:01.000 Buses and bus couplers / C duplicate Duplicate Bus B to create the third section. Copies need unique names and their own position. 00:04:09.000 Buses and bus couplers / C name Set the third bus tag to Bus C. Keep the same 33 kV system voltage and the example current rating. 00:04:19.000 Buses and bus couplers / C apply Apply the Bus C properties. You can also focus Apply changes and press Enter to save the form. 00:04:28.000 Buses and bus couplers / Position c Move Bus C to the right of Bus B, keeping all three sections on the same horizontal line. 00:04:37.000 Buses and bus couplers / Place Place a Circuit breaker from the 33 kV library. We will rotate it and use it as the first bus coupler. 00:04:47.000 Buses and bus couplers / Rotate With the breaker selected, press R to rotate it by 90 degrees. Its two primary terminals will now face left and right. 00:04:57.000 Buses and bus couplers / Edit Double-click the breaker symbol to open its properties, even when you are zoomed out. 00:05:05.000 Buses and bus couplers / Tag Name this horizontal breaker Bus Coupler 1. Its job is to connect Bus A and Bus B when closed. 00:05:14.000 Buses and bus couplers / State Keep both Normal design state and Current operating state Closed for this example. The current state determines the drawn switching condition. 00:05:24.000 Buses and bus couplers / Current Enter the coupler continuous-current rating: 2000 A for this example. 00:05:32.000 Buses and bus couplers / Save Apply the coupler properties. We will enter and compare fault-duty ratings in the breaker lesson. 00:05:40.000 Buses and bus couplers / Position Drag Bus Coupler 1 into the gap between Bus A and Bus B. Its left and right terminals should face the bus ends. 00:05:51.000 Buses and bus couplers / Connect mode Click Connect. We will use the primary terminals, not the relay trip-circuit terminal. 00:05:59.000 Buses and bus couplers / Wire start Focus the right-end terminal of Bus A and press Enter to begin the connection. The status bar now tells you to choose the other terminal. 00:06:10.000 Buses and bus couplers / Wire first Focus Terminal 2 on the rotated coupler and press Enter. Check that the wire joins the two terminal circles. 00:06:19.000 Buses and bus couplers / Second start Start the second wire from Terminal 1 of Bus Coupler 1. Every breaker needs a connection on each primary side. 00:06:29.000 Buses and bus couplers / Second end Complete the wire at the left end of Bus B. Check the connection count: the first coupler has two primary wires. 00:06:39.000 Buses and bus couplers / Duplicate Select Bus Coupler 1 and press Ctrl+D. Copying the breaker alone does not copy its external bus connections; we will wire the new coupler separately. 00:06:50.000 Buses and bus couplers / 2 tag Rename the copy Bus Coupler 2. It will connect Bus B to Bus C. 00:06:58.000 Buses and bus couplers / 2 position Move Bus Coupler 2 between Bus B and Bus C. Place equipment first, then connect the correct terminals. 00:07:07.000 Buses and bus couplers / 2 left Connect Bus B right end to Terminal 2 of Bus Coupler 2. Press Enter on each terminal in turn. 00:07:16.000 Buses and bus couplers / 2 right Connect Terminal 1 of Bus Coupler 2 to Bus C left end. Your three bus sections are now joined through two breakers. 00:07:26.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Focus Select Bus A and press Shift+F to fit the selection. Zoom in while wiring so you can identify each terminal clearly. 00:07:36.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Pan In Pan mode, drag the blank background downward to leave drawing space above Bus A. Panning changes only the view. 00:07:46.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Voltage Select the 132 kV active voltage before placing the utility source and its incoming breaker. 00:07:54.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Place Click Grid source. This represents the utility supply boundary; its fault strength and voltage reference will be entered in its properties. 00:08:04.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Position Drag the source above Bus A. Keep vertical space below it for the incoming breaker, transformer and outgoing breaker. 00:08:13.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Properties Double-click the grid source to open its properties. Start with its identity and voltage reference. 00:08:21.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Tag Enter Grid 1 as the source tag. Use plain, unique equipment names throughout your network. 00:08:29.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Setpoint Set the voltage reference to 1.0 pu. Here, 1.0 pu corresponds to the source nominal voltage of 132 kV. 00:08:38.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Max input Choose the MVA fault-level unit and enter 5700 for the maximum-source case. Obtain your own source fault data from the utility study. 00:08:48.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Xr input Enter maximum-case X/R as 20. The fault level and X/R must describe the same source condition. 00:08:56.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Min open Expand Other source case to enter minimum utility data separately. Opening this section does not change the study case. 00:09:05.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Min input Enter minimum-source fault level 1000 MVA. This value is separate from the maximum 5700 MVA case. 00:09:13.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Min xr Enter minimum-case X/R as 7. Keep the maximum and minimum data pairs consistent. 00:09:21.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Save Apply the source data. A source can have complete inputs while the network remains disconnected; topology checks are still necessary. 00:09:31.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker place With 132 kV still active, place the incoming Circuit breaker. It belongs between Grid 1 and the transformer. 00:09:40.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker position Move the incoming breaker directly below Grid 1, leaving a clear gap for the overhead-line connection. 00:09:48.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker name Name the incoming device Breaker 1. Keep its system voltage at 132 kV and its current operating state Closed. 00:09:57.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker rating Enter a continuous-current rating of 800 A for this incoming breaker. Breaker ratings are checked against study duties later. 00:10:06.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker save Apply the breaker data. The breaker still needs primary wiring on both sides before it joins the network. 00:10:15.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Place Select the 132 kV / 33 kV two-winding transformer from the library. The active level supplies its HV system; check both winding assignments in properties. 00:10:26.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Position Move the transformer below Breaker 1. Its HV winding faces the incoming breaker; its LV winding will feed the 33 kV bus through another breaker. 00:10:37.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Edit Double-click the transformer. Enter data from its nameplate and test report, keeping the winding sides consistent. 00:10:45.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Name Set the tag to Transformer 1. Its HV system is 132 kV and its LV system is 33 kV. 00:10:54.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Nameplate Enter 34.5 kV for the LV nameplate rating. Keep the LV system at 33 kV: the network connection voltage and nameplate ratio are separate inputs. 00:11:05.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Hv connection Select Star with neutral brought out for the HV winding. Use the winding connection from the transformer nameplate. 00:11:14.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Lv connection Choose Star with neutral brought out for the LV winding and keep Clock 0. Check that the displayed group is YNyn0. 00:11:24.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Mva Enter rated power 50 MVA. Impedance and resistance inputs must use this same transformer base. 00:11:32.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Impedance Enter short-circuit impedance 11.225 percent for this example. Use the corresponding transformer test value in your project. 00:11:41.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Xr With Available test data set to X/R ratio, enter Transformer X/R as 20. Use load loss or resistance percent instead when that is the test data you have. 00:11:53.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Tap min Set the minimum tap position to −8. Tap positions are discrete steps around the neutral position. 00:12:01.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Tap max Set the maximum tap position to +8. Keep the tap-changer side set to HV winding for this example. 00:12:10.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Tap step Enter 1.25 percent per tap step. This is a percentage, not a per-unit value. 00:12:18.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Tap current Set the current tap to +3. Operating cases can later override this position without replacing the base equipment data. 00:12:27.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Earthing Open Earthing to enter winding grounding and zero-sequence data. Complete these fields before studying earth faults. 00:12:35.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Hv ground Set HV winding grounding to Solidly grounded for this teaching transformer. Grounding must match the actual installation. 00:12:44.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Lv ground Set LV winding grounding to Solidly grounded. Check each winding separately instead of relying on a drawing symbol. 00:12:53.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Zero z Enter zero-sequence impedance 11.225 percent for this teaching example. The example assumption must be replaced by verified data for a real earth-fault study. 00:13:04.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Zero xr Enter zero-sequence X/R as 20. Keep the Automatic from vector group connection model for this YNyn0 example. 00:13:13.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Save Apply the transformer inputs. Check the label for its MVA rating, voltage ratio, impedance and vector group. 00:13:22.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Clock Check the clock number explicitly after choosing winding connections. Set Clock 0 so the intended vector group is YNyn0. 00:13:31.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Vector confirm Verify the saved label now reads YNyn0. A saved label is a useful check that the input you intended has actually been applied. 00:13:42.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Voltage Switch Active voltage level back to 33 kV before placing the transformer outgoing breaker. 00:13:50.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Place Place a 33 kV Circuit breaker. This connects the transformer LV winding to Bus A. 00:13:58.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Position Move the outgoing breaker below Transformer 1 and above Bus A. Keep a gap at each end so you can see the connection. 00:14:09.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Name Name this device Breaker 2. Its system voltage is 33 kV; its nameplate rating can be 36 kV. 00:14:18.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Nameplate Enter the breaker nameplate voltage as 36 kV while retaining the 33 kV system connection. 00:14:26.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Current Enter 1250 A continuous-current rating for this example. 00:14:34.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaking Enter a draft breaking rating to learn the field. This first draft uses 26.3 kA RMS; the completed network requires 40 kA for Breaker 2, as checked before the studies. 00:14:47.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Making Enter the making rating in kA peak, separate from the RMS breaking rating. This draft value is corrected to 100 kA for Breaker 2 in the completed-network check. 00:14:59.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Time Enter total clearing time as 70 milliseconds. Later, relay settings show breaker clearing time in seconds: 70 ms equals 0.07 s. 00:15:09.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Wrong level A 132 kV grid cannot connect directly to a 33 kV bus. Watch the validation message when we try this incompatible connection. 00:15:19.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Cancel Press Esc to cancel an unfinished connection. Use the transformer to cross between the 132 kV and 33 kV systems. 00:15:29.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Grid breaker Connect Grid 1 to Terminal 1 of Breaker 1. Both terminals belong to the 132 kV system. 00:15:38.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Breaker transformer Connect Terminal 2 of Breaker 1 to the HV winding of Transformer 1. Check the HV label before completing the wire. 00:15:48.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Transformer lv Connect the transformer LV winding to Terminal 1 of Breaker 2. Both terminals belong to the 33 kV system. 00:15:57.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Bus tap Start a wire from Terminal 2 of Breaker 2, then choose a top bus-tap point on Bus A. Use a bus tap for a feeder, rather than reusing a bus end. 00:16:11.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Select mode Return to Select before adjusting the layout. Move Grid 1 upward to make the incoming line easy to select. 00:16:20.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Spacing Drag Grid 1 upward. Its connected wire follows the source, so the topology is preserved while the drawing becomes clearer. 00:16:30.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Edit Double-click the wire between Grid 1 and Breaker 1. Change its electrical model from an ideal conductor to an overhead line. 00:16:40.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Model Select Overhead line · impedance. Choose Cable for a cable model, or Conductor only when an ideal link is intended. 00:16:50.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Label Label the connection Overhead Line 1. A clear label helps you find its losses, loading and fault contribution later. 00:16:59.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Length Enter physical route length 1.7 km. Moving or stretching the wire on the canvas does not change this electrical length. 00:17:09.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / R Enter positive-sequence resistance R1 as 0.139026 ohms per kilometre. Keep the unit consistent with the route length. 00:17:18.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / X Enter positive-sequence reactance X1 as 0.39 ohms per kilometre. Leave one parallel circuit for this example. 00:17:26.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Rating Enter continuous-current rating 377 A. The study can then compare current with this entered rating. 00:17:34.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Temperature open Expand Resistance temperature correction. Supply a complete temperature basis when you want the entered resistance corrected. 00:17:42.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Temperature reference Enter 20°C as the reference temperature for the resistance value. 00:17:50.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Temperature alpha Enter the matching resistance temperature coefficient, 0.00403 per °C in this example. 00:17:58.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Temperature operating Enter 75°C as the load-flow conductor temperature. The complete three-field basis enables the temperature correction. 00:18:06.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Short circuit tab Open the Short circuit tab to enter the fault-study temperature cases. These are separate from the load-flow operating temperature. 00:18:15.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Fault options Open the temperature inputs so the maximum and minimum fault calculations use the intended conductor resistance. 00:18:23.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Max temperature Enter 20 °C for the maximum-fault case. The colder conductor has lower resistance. 00:18:31.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / End temperature Enter 200 °C as the fault-end temperature for the minimum-fault resistance case. 00:18:39.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Earthing tab Use Earthing to enter zero-sequence data. Earth-fault results need the return-path model as well as the positive-sequence impedance. 00:18:48.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Zero r Enter the line zero-sequence resistance: 0.45 Ω/km. Use your earth-return study or verified line data. 00:18:56.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Zero x Enter X0 = 1.2 Ω/km and C0 = 6 nF/km for this training line. 00:19:04.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Positive capacitance In Load flow, enter C1 = 9.4 nF/km. Omitting capacitance neglects charging current; the assessment will disclose that assumption. 00:19:13.000 Grid, transformer and overhead line / Apply Apply the line model. Its physical route length controls impedance, even if you change the drawn wire length. 00:19:22.000 Generator branch and earthing / Active voltage Build a generator branch next. Select the 11 kV system before placing the generator. 00:19:30.000 Generator branch and earthing / Place Click Generator in the library. Place it above the bus, leaving room for a transformer and breaker. 00:19:39.000 Generator branch and earthing / Position In Select mode, drag the generator into its branch. Keep wires and labels clear of neighbouring equipment. 00:19:48.000 Generator branch and earthing / Open properties Open the generator properties to enter its ratings, operating point and fault model. 00:19:56.000 Generator branch and earthing / Name Name this branch Generator 2, matching the training network. Plain names make the circuit easier to follow. 00:20:05.000 Generator branch and earthing / Nameplate Enter the generator ratings: 42.5 MVA, 34.64 MW and rated power factor 0.85. These are capacity ratings, not its dispatched output. 00:20:15.000 Generator branch and earthing / Dispatch Keep Voltage control selected. Enter 25.265 MW output and a voltage target of 1.00125 pu; the study calculates reactive power. 00:20:25.000 Generator branch and earthing / Q limits Enter Qmin = −12.75 MVAr and Qmax = 22.388 MVAr. When a limit is enforced, voltage control may be released. 00:20:35.000 Generator branch and earthing / Fault contribution Include generator fault contribution. Enter subtransient reactance 15% and X/R = 50 to model its initial fault current. 00:20:44.000 Generator branch and earthing / Sequence inputs Expand Optional technical inputs. For this example enter Method C Rf = 1.05%, X2 = 15%, X2/R2 = 20 and voltage deviation = 0.5%. 00:20:55.000 Generator branch and earthing / Earthing Open Earthing and choose the actual neutral connection. The neutral resistor affects earth-fault current. 00:21:03.000 Generator branch and earthing / Neutral method Set Resistance grounded and Star. Then choose NGT + secondary resistor to describe the neutral grounding transformer. 00:21:12.000 Generator branch and earthing / Zero sequence Enter X0 = 7.5% and X0/R0 = 9. The starred fields change with the grounding method you select. 00:21:21.000 Generator branch and earthing / Ngt Enter 6350 V / 110 V and a 0.4 Ω secondary resistor. The studio refers the resistor to the generator neutral side. 00:21:31.000 Generator branch and earthing / Apply Apply the generator data. Check the saved label and grounding symbol before wiring the branch. 00:21:39.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer place Place a 33/11 kV transformer. Its 11 kV winding connects to the generator; its 33 kV winding feeds the bus. 00:21:49.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer position Position the transformer below the generator. Rotate it twice with R so the 11 kV winding faces the generator. 00:21:58.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer nameplate Name this Transformer 4. Keep the system at 33/11 kV and enter its 34.5/11 kV nameplate ratio. 00:22:07.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer vector Choose the dYN11 generator-side preset. Check that the stored HV-first IEC vector group is YNd1. 00:22:15.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer impedance Enter 55 MVA, 12.27% impedance and X/R = 20. Use all three on the same nameplate and test-temperature basis. 00:22:24.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer taps Set the tap range to −8…+8, step 1.25%, with current tap 0. Tap position affects the operating ratio. 00:22:33.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer ground Set the 33 kV star neutral to Solidly grounded and the delta side to Isolated neutral. Keep the automatic vector-group sequence model. 00:22:43.000 Generator branch and earthing / Transformer zero Enter zero-sequence impedance 12.27% and X/R = 20, then apply. This example uses preliminary values; replace them with verified data for your study. 00:22:54.000 Generator branch and earthing / Breaker duplicate Reuse the 33 kV breaker: in Pan mode select Breaker 2 and press Ctrl+D. A duplicate needs its own name and rating review. 00:23:05.000 Generator branch and earthing / Breaker position Move the copied breaker between Transformer 4 and Bus A. 00:23:13.000 Generator branch and earthing / Breaker data Rename the copy Breaker 6. Review its copied ratings: 1250 A, 26.3 kA breaking, 65.75 kA making and 70 ms clearing. 00:23:23.000 Generator branch and earthing / Breaker thermal Enter 26.3 kA for 3 seconds as the short-time withstand rating. Making, breaking and thermal withstand are different checks. 00:23:32.000 Generator branch and earthing / Wire lv Connect the Generator 2 terminal to Transformer 4’s 11 kV LV terminal. Follow the voltage labels rather than symbol orientation. 00:23:42.000 Generator branch and earthing / Wire hv Connect Transformer 4’s 33 kV HV terminal to Breaker 6 Terminal 1. 00:23:50.000 Generator branch and earthing / Wire bus Connect Breaker 6 Terminal 2 to a new top tap on Bus A. A wire must end on a terminal or tap to become electrically connected. 00:24:02.000 Motor load and feeder / Library Open Machines & loads. This circuit uses a motor-load equivalent for each downstream group. 00:24:10.000 Motor load and feeder / Place Place an Induction motor for Motor Load A. Here it represents an aggregate downstream motor load referred to the 33 kV bus. 00:24:20.000 Motor load and feeder / Position Position Motor Load A below the bus, with space for its feeder breaker above it. 00:24:28.000 Motor load and feeder / Name Use the name Motor Load A. This is an equivalent of many downstream motors, so its aggregate assumptions must remain visible in your study notes. 00:24:39.000 Motor load and feeder / Rating Enter 30,000 kW mechanical output, 2 pole pairs, 95% rated efficiency and 0.88 rated power factor. 00:24:47.000 Motor load and feeder / Operating Keep loading at 100% and demand factor at 1. Enter operating PF 0.88 and efficiency 95%; electrical demand is about 31.58 MW. 00:24:57.000 Motor load and feeder / Fault For the aggregate fault envelope enter 6 × rated current and X/R = 10. The model does not separately represent downstream feeder impedances. 00:25:08.000 Motor load and feeder / Sequence duration Use the training assumptions: 200 ms contribution duration, X2/X1 = 1 and R2/R1 = 1. Detailed motor mix is needed for a verified decay model. 00:25:19.000 Motor load and feeder / Earth boundary Choose Delta and Isolated neutral. This equivalent boundary blocks motor zero-sequence contribution; it does not describe each downstream motor neutral. 00:25:29.000 Motor load and feeder / Apply Apply the motor model. Next add a feeder breaker between this motor equivalent and the bus. 00:25:37.000 Motor load and feeder / Breaker duplicate Select Breaker 2 and press Ctrl+D to create the motor feeder breaker. Duplication carries its electrical data, so review every rating. 00:25:47.000 Motor load and feeder / Breaker position Place the feeder breaker below Bus A and above Motor Load A. 00:25:55.000 Motor load and feeder / Breaker name Rename it Breaker 11. Keep the 33 kV system, 36 kV nameplate, 1250 A continuous rating and Closed operating state. 00:26:05.000 Motor load and feeder / Breaker duty Set breaking current to 31.5 kA, making current to 80 kA and clearing time to 80 ms. 00:26:14.000 Motor load and feeder / Breaker withstand Set short-time withstand to 31.5 kA for 3 seconds. Save the breaker data. 00:26:22.000 Motor load and feeder / Wire bus Start at a bottom tap on Bus A and finish at Breaker 11 Terminal 1. 00:26:30.000 Motor load and feeder / Wire load Connect Breaker 11 Terminal 2 to Motor Load A. Check the connection count increases and topology stays valid. 00:26:39.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Guide Open More → Drawing guide when you need a reminder. Learn the mode and keyboard shortcuts before building repeated branches. 00:26:49.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Context menu Right-click equipment to find copy, lock, service-state and alignment commands. Use selection tools for repeated branches. 00:26:57.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Multiselect Hold Ctrl and select Breaker 11 as well. Select a complete branch before copying so the internal wire is included. 00:27:07.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Duplicate branch Press Ctrl+D to duplicate both items. The internal connection is copied; connect the new feeder to its destination bus yourself. 00:27:17.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Undo Click Undo to remove this practice copy. Use Undo immediately if a placement, move or layout change is wrong. 00:27:26.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Redo Redo restores the copy. Notice the equipment and connection counts change together. 00:27:34.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Arrange labels Choose Arrange labels to remove clutter. With nothing selected it arranges all labels; Undo restores previous pins. 00:27:43.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Routes Automatic wire routing resets manual bends. Use it after equipment moves, then inspect the route and electrical connection separately. 00:27:52.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Repeat exercise Pause and repeat the branches using the parameter worksheet: two grid incomers, six generator branches and three motor feeders across the three buses. Rename and review each copy. 00:28:04.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Save checkpoint Save your editable project before continuing. Browser recovery is convenient, but the downloaded project file is your portable copy. 00:28:13.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Straighten feeder Select the breaker and motor together, right-click, and choose Straighten internal connections. Aligning equipment removes unnecessary wire bends. 00:28:22.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Straighten vertical Choose Vertical straight run for a feeder. Use Horizontal straight run for a bus-coupler path. 00:28:30.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Align menu For a truly straight connection, align the equipment centres first: right-click → Transform and arrange → Align. 00:28:39.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Align centres Choose Align horizontal centres to put the motor and breaker on the same vertical axis. Their connecting wire no longer needs a sideways step. 00:28:50.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Straighten after align After alignment, choose Vertical straight run again to remove the old manual bend. Check the final wire visually. 00:28:59.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Clearance Leave room between the bus tap and breaker terminal. With the feeder selected, press Down three times to move it clear of the bus symbol. 00:29:10.000 Drawing tools and straight connections / Final straight route Reset Automatic wire routing after alignment and spacing. Verify a straight bus–breaker–motor path with no unnecessary detour. 00:29:19.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Library Open Protection & navigation to add a relay. A relay needs a measurement assignment and a trip association with its breaker. 00:29:29.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Place Place a Protection IED beside Breaker 11. Keep the power path vertical and reserve a short horizontal trip connection. 00:29:38.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Orient Rotate the relay once with R so its trip output faces the breaker. 00:29:46.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Position Move the relay to the right of its breaker, with their centres at the same height. 00:29:54.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Measurement Choose Breaker 11 · in as the phase-current measurement location. This tells the relay which through-current to evaluate. 00:30:03.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Ct ratio Enter CT primary 800 A and secondary 1 A. A 1 A secondary pickup then corresponds to 800 A primary. 00:30:13.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Residual Keep Calculated residual for earth current in this example. Earth pickup uses secondary residual current, 3I₀, from the selected phase CTs. 00:30:23.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Stages tab Open Protection stages to set phase and earth overcurrent elements. Enable only the stages you intend to evaluate. 00:30:32.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Phase stage Enable I>. Enter 1 A secondary pickup, IEC standard inverse, TMS 0.10 and zero added delay. Check the displayed 800 A primary pickup. 00:30:43.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Earth stage Enable Ie> with 0.075 A secondary pickup and TMS 0.10. With 800/1 CTs this is a 60 A primary residual pickup. 00:30:53.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / High set off Leave high-set stages disabled for this example. Starting, inrush and withstand data must support any fast pickup you introduce. 00:31:02.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Trip tab Open Trip and grading to select the breaker and include its operating time in the clearing sequence. 00:31:11.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Breaker association Choose Breaker 11 and enter 0.08 s breaker time. Relay operating time plus trip delay and breaker time gives the predicted clearance time. 00:31:22.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Margin Set an additional grading margin of 0.30 s. This margin is checked after primary breaker clearance and the entered error allowances. 00:31:32.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Tolerances For this training comparison enter 5% current error, 5% relay time error and 0.02 s additional time error. 00:31:41.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Name Name it Relay 11 so the relay and Breaker 11 are easy to pair. Label the enabled functions 51 / 51N. 00:31:51.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Save Save the relay. You will see its CT and protection information on the SLD. 00:31:59.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Trip wire If a trip connection is blocked, read the message: a power Conductor cannot connect control terminals. Cancel with Esc and change the connection type. 00:32:10.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Control type In Connect mode, choose Control / trip in the ribbon. Use the matching connection type for each terminal domain. 00:32:19.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Control connect Now connect Relay 11 Trip output to Breaker 11 Trip circuit. The dashed control link is accepted and the connection count increases. 00:32:29.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Orientation correct Select the relay and use Rotate clockwise. Check that its trip output points left, toward the breaker. 00:32:38.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Straight position Place the relay beside Breaker 11 at the same height. The trip link can now run horizontally without a long detour. 00:32:48.000 Relay parameters and trip wiring / Align horizontal Use Align vertical centres to put the relay and breaker at exactly the same height. Check the dashed trip line is straight. 00:32:58.000 Complete and check the circuit / Open file For the study lessons, open the supplied complete training network. It contains all repeated branches and relays, with straight connections and the worksheet values. 00:33:09.000 Complete and check the circuit / Replace After saving your own work, choose Replace drawing to load the course checkpoint. This replaces the current browser recovery drawing. 00:33:19.000 Complete and check the circuit / Complete overview Compare your drawing with the complete network: three buses, two couplers, two grid incomers, six generator branches, three motor loads and fifteen relays. 00:33:30.000 Complete and check the circuit / Final breaker rating Before studying the completed circuit, correct the draft Breaker 2 ratings to the worksheet: 40 kA RMS breaking, 100 kA peak making and 40 kA for 3 s withstand. Breaker 4 uses the same ratings. 00:33:45.000 Complete and check the circuit / Rating distinction Keep 70 ms clearing time. Check each copied breaker separately: generator breakers and motor-feeder breakers have different ratings in this network. 00:33:55.000 Operating cases / Open Open More → Operating cases. A case lets you compare switching states, loading and tap overrides without redrawing the network. 00:34:05.000 Operating cases / Copy Click Copy to create a comparison case from Normal operating case. Keep the original as your reference. 00:34:14.000 Operating cases / Name Name the new case Reduced load. A clear case name makes comparisons and reports traceable. 00:34:22.000 Operating cases / Scaling Set load scaling to 80%. Generator scaling remains 100%, so grid import or export will change. 00:34:30.000 Operating cases / Filter Search for Bus Coupler to find just the relevant overrides. Inherit uses the selected base topology; an explicit override takes precedence. 00:34:40.000 Operating cases / Apply Apply the cases. Select the intended case again in study settings before running a calculation. 00:34:48.000 Load flow and case comparison / Settings open Open Load Flow quick settings. Review the case and calculation options before your first run. 00:34:56.000 Load flow and case comparison / Full settings Open Full settings to review topology source, solver controls and readiness messages. 00:35:04.000 Load flow and case comparison / Normal case Select Normal operating case for the reference calculation. Confirm the selected case before every run. 00:35:12.000 Load flow and case comparison / Topology source Choose Saved case when you want its stored switching overrides. Live operating states instead uses the breakers currently shown on the drawing. 00:35:22.000 Load flow and case comparison / Readiness Ready means the required fields are present. Read the warnings as well: this training network still contains preliminary inputs that need verification. 00:35:32.000 Load flow and case comparison / Run reference Run the saved-case load flow. Wait for completion, then check convergence and the voltage range before interpreting equipment loading. 00:35:41.000 Load flow and case comparison / Summary The reference result is calculated: voltage 1.000–1.005 pu, highest loading 100%, and series losses about 0.385 MW. Read findings before accepting the result. 00:35:52.000 Load flow and case comparison / Voltage units Change Voltage to kV when you need physical bus voltages. Per unit and percent make different voltage levels easier to compare. 00:36:02.000 Load flow and case comparison / Flow current Change Flow to Current (A) to inspect conductor and equipment currents; use Loading (%) to compare with entered ratings. 00:36:11.000 Load flow and case comparison / Results open Open Show results for the complete tables. The diagram is a summary; the tables give the detailed evidence. 00:36:20.000 Load flow and case comparison / Expand results Expand the results panel for a readable review. Search and filter the findings before changing the model. 00:36:29.000 Load flow and case comparison / Motor findings Search Motor Load. All three are at 100% of their entered rating, leaving no loading headroom in this case. 00:36:38.000 Load flow and case comparison / Bus table Open Buses and clear the search. Compare voltage in pu and kV, angle, and energization state. 00:36:46.000 Load flow and case comparison / Branch table Open Branches to inspect direction, terminal current and losses. Read the From/To direction before interpreting a negative power flow. 00:36:55.000 Load flow and case comparison / Balance Use Power balance to reconcile supply, load and losses. This catches misunderstandings about mechanical load input and electrical demand. 00:37:04.000 Load flow and case comparison / Balance check The load is 94.737 MW; supply is 95.287 MW. The difference covers excitation and series losses. The near-zero mismatch confirms numerical balance. 00:37:14.000 Load flow and case comparison / Voltage profile Open Voltage profile for a quick comparison across energized buses. Investigate any bus outside the stated limits. 00:37:23.000 Load flow and case comparison / Compare tab Open Compare and pin this normal case before running an alternative. The baseline lets you see what changed. 00:37:32.000 Load flow and case comparison / Pin baseline Save current as baseline. It stays fixed for this session while you calculate another case. 00:37:40.000 Load flow and case comparison / Reduced case Select Reduced load to calculate the 80% demand scenario. Keep the same topology basis so the comparison has a clear cause. 00:37:50.000 Load flow and case comparison / Reduced topology Recheck Topology for this run: choose Saved case again. The quick-settings route can return to live operating states. 00:37:59.000 Load flow and case comparison / Reduced run Run the reduced-load saved case. The comparison baseline remains the normal case. 00:38:07.000 Load flow and case comparison / Reduced summary At 80% load, highest loading is 80% and series losses are about 0.370 MW. Check the grid exchange too: fixed generator output can now produce export. 00:38:19.000 Load flow and case comparison / Compare motors Filter the comparison to Motor Load. Read change as current minus baseline: each load falls from 100% to 80%, a reduction of 20 percentage points. 00:38:30.000 Load flow and case comparison / Export interpretation Grid 1 and Grid 2 now show negative MW: about 13.96 MW total export. Lower demand does not guarantee lower current everywhere when generation stays fixed. 00:38:42.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Quick settings Open Short Circuit quick settings. First restore the normal case and choose the fault type, source strength and clearing-time basis. 00:38:52.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Case correction The reduced-load case is blocked for short circuit because dispatch scaling alone does not change the fault network. Click Use Normal operating case to correct it. 00:39:04.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Case basis Use Three-phase and Maximum first. Keep generator and motor contributions enabled for this operating condition. 00:39:12.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Time basis Use 1 s fault duration and 100 ms minimum breaking time. Thermal duty and breaking current use different time inputs, so check both. 00:39:23.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Full settings Open Full settings to review the fault method and calculation scope. 00:39:31.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Method scope Keep the automatic peak-current method and established topology. Use the transient island option only when that immediate post-islanding condition is intended. 00:39:41.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Bolted fault Fault R = 0 and X = 0 gives a bolted fault. Nonzero fault impedance can change pickup and grading, so include appropriate impedance cases in your review. 00:39:53.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Run maximum Run the maximum three-phase short-circuit study. Compare initial, peak, breaking and thermal quantities with their corresponding ratings. 00:40:02.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Overview result The overview evaluates separate faults at each bus. The connected 33 kV buses share an initial symmetrical current of about 38.07 kA in this maximum case. 00:40:14.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Bus detail Click the bus result chip to inspect its numerical result and contribution paths. 00:40:22.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Quantities Read each quantity separately: Ik″ ≈ 38.073 kA, peak ip ≈ 97.543 kA, breaking current ≈ 32.232 kA at 100 ms, and thermal Ith ≈ 38.975 kA at 1 s. 00:40:35.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Capacity warning Bus B exceeds its entered 26.3 kA design capacity. Investigate the network and verified equipment duty; do not raise the rating just to remove a warning. 00:40:47.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Help meaning Click the explanation icon beside a quantity when its meaning is unclear. Here, learn how peak current differs from rms current. 00:40:57.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Audit Open Audit to inspect the calculation basis and assumptions behind the selected result. 00:41:05.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Duty view Switch the canvas to Equipment duty. An incomplete or unsupported assessment needs investigation; it is not a passing rating check. 00:41:15.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Breaker duty Open Breaker 11’s result to see which duty checks were assessed and which remain unavailable. 00:41:23.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Through vs total Breaker through-current depends on fault location. For a bus fault, Motor Load A contributes back through Breaker 11; do not assign the whole bus fault current to every breaker. 00:41:36.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Duty limits Dashes in breaking, making or thermal duty mean those checks are unavailable here. Retain that limitation in the report and review the model scope. 00:41:47.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Minimum case Change Source case to Minimum and rerun. Minimum source strength is essential when checking whether protection still picks up. 00:41:56.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Minimum motor basis Notice Motor contribution is now off for the minimum case. Confirm the contribution assumptions instead of assuming only the grid strength changed. 00:42:06.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Run minimum Run the complete minimum study and compare its fault-current level with the maximum case. 00:42:14.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Minimum detail Return to Overview and open the bus result to read the minimum current under its stated source and motor assumptions. 00:42:24.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Minimum interpretation The minimum case gives about 20.105 kA here. Passing this one capacity comparison does not remove the maximum-case exceedance. Review both cases. 00:42:34.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Earth selection Choose Single-phase-to-earth and Maximum. Earth-fault studies depend on zero-sequence impedance, transformer connections and grounding. 00:42:42.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Earth run Run the earth-fault case after checking its readiness. Repeat the workflow for phase-to-phase and double-phase-to-earth cases where required. 00:42:51.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Earth detail Open the earth-fault bus result. Check phase currents and residual current, rather than treating an unbalanced fault as three equal phase currents. 00:43:01.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Earth interpretation For this phase-A earth fault, Ia″ and residual 3I₀ are about 39.106 kA while Ib″ and Ic″ at the fault are zero. Review grounding assumptions behind this result. 00:43:13.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Place fault Click Fault to place a specific fault at an equipment terminal or along a modeled line or cable. 00:43:22.000 Fault studies and equipment duty / Target motor terminal Place the fault at Motor Load A’s terminal to study the feeder fault, downstream of Breaker 11. 00:43:31.000 Check relay coordination / Fault type For the relay comparison, select a maximum three-phase fault. The coordination wizard will then set the exact Motor Load A terminal location. 00:43:41.000 Check relay coordination / Run fault study Recalculate after changing the fault type. Relay timing must use currents from the intended fault condition. 00:43:49.000 Check relay coordination / Open Open Relay coordination to check the existing settings before proposing changes. 00:43:57.000 Check relay coordination / Purpose check Choose Check existing settings to test the pickups and time multipliers already saved in your relays. 00:44:05.000 Check relay coordination / Pair next Continue to Relays & faults. You will select the device nearest the fault as primary and an upstream device as backup. 00:44:15.000 Check relay coordination / Primary Select Relay 11 as primary: it trips Breaker 11 immediately upstream of Motor Load A. 00:44:23.000 Check relay coordination / Backup Select Relay 14 on Bus Coupler 1 as one backup path. This network has several sources; one successful pair does not prove every path coordinates. 00:44:34.000 Check relay coordination / Fault location Choose the Motor Load A terminal. The wizard checks both maximum and minimum source conditions at this location. 00:44:43.000 Check relay coordination / Confirm zone Confirm the intended primary and backup after tracing the electrical path. This is your engineering choice, not an automatic proof of the protection zone. 00:44:54.000 Check relay coordination / Inputs next Review the pair inputs before calculating. 00:45:02.000 Check relay coordination / Existing inputs Read the primary pickup: 800 A from the 800/1 CT and 1 A secondary setting. The backup uses 1,200 A and a slower 0.5 time multiplier. Check CT ratios, breaker times and curve types. 00:45:17.000 Check relay coordination / Margin Use 0.30 s additional grading margin for this exercise. The check also includes primary breaker clearing and the entered relay timing tolerances. 00:45:27.000 Check relay coordination / Reviewed Acknowledge that you have reviewed the inputs. These training values remain provisional; this checkbox does not certify installation data. 00:45:36.000 Check relay coordination / Calculate Run Check existing coordination and inspect the weakest margin over both source conditions. 00:45:44.000 Check relay coordination / Read margin Both selected cases meet the 0.30 s margin. At maximum current, primary latest clearing is 0.292 s and backup earliest trip is 1.046 s: available margin 0.754 s. 00:45:56.000 Check relay coordination / Open pair curves Open the primary and backup curves. Read current on the horizontal axis and time on the vertical axis; use each relay’s local current, because branch currents differ. 00:46:08.000 Check relay coordination / Current markers Select the backup curve. For this maximum fault, Relay 11 measures 33.933 kA while Relay 14 measures 23.577 kA. Compare their timing at those separate current markers. 00:46:20.000 Check relay coordination / Minimum curve Switch to the minimum case and check that the primary still picks up and the backup still has adequate separation. 00:46:30.000 Check relay coordination / Limitations Open the assessment notes. Repeat this work for every required fault location, operating case and phase or earth protection pair; a two-case pass covers only this declared pair. 00:46:42.000 Check relay coordination / Download assessment Download the review report to preserve the selected pair, fault cases, settings, margins and limitations alongside your project. 00:46:51.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Open sequence Continue to the switching sequence. First test healthy breakers; then repeat exactly the same fault with the primary breaker stuck. 00:47:01.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Normal result With healthy breakers, Relay 11 operates at 0.180 s. Its 0.080 s breaker time gives fault clearing at 0.260 s; only Breaker 11 opens. 00:47:12.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Normal event Select the breaker-open event to inspect the cleared section on the drawing. Playback is a simulation; the saved breaker positions remain unchanged. 00:47:22.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Select breaker Select Breaker 11 on the drawing to define a failed-breaker scenario. Its open display here belongs to the healthy-case playback. 00:47:32.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Mark stuck Click Simulate failure. Breaker 11 will remain closed even when Relay 11 sends a trip command; backup protection must interrupt every remaining supply path. 00:47:43.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Run Run the study again with the same three-phase maximum fault and the same relay settings. This isolates the effect of Breaker 11 failing to open. 00:47:54.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Result The failed breaker changes clearing from 0.260 s to 4.710 s and causes five other breakers to open. Fault cleared does not mean the outage or clearing time is acceptable. 00:48:07.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Failed event At 0.260 s the primary trip has failed: Breaker 11 stays closed. Select the event and follow the remaining sources that still feed the fault. 00:48:18.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Coupler opens Bus Coupler 1 opens at 1.323 s. Other supply paths remain, so the fault has not yet cleared. Currents are recalculated after each opening. 00:48:29.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Last source Breaker 6 opens at 4.710 s and removes the final supply. Review the earlier openings of the other motor feeders as part of the selectivity assessment. 00:48:41.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Export open Open Export study to retain both the event log and the normal-versus-failure comparison. 00:48:49.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Download csv Download CSV for the numerical event list and a printable report for the study record. Save these with the matching project and case name. 00:49:00.000 Healthy and failed-breaker sequences / Restore Clear failure to return to a healthy-breaker scenario. The stuck-closed test demonstrates backup overcurrent response; it does not model a complete dedicated breaker-failure scheme. 00:49:11.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Improve return Return to Guided study to explore a controlled setting proposal after reviewing the existing settings. 00:49:19.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Change purpose Return to Purpose. Improve selected settings can hold the primary fixed while proposing settings for the backup. 00:49:28.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Improve choice Choose Improve selected settings. Propose new settings is the alternative when you want the tool to calculate both relays from their equipment and load constraints. 00:49:39.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Improve inputs Keep the same primary, backup and fault location, then review the proposal inputs. Define which relay settings may change. 00:49:48.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Fix primary Keep Relay 11 fixed so this exercise changes only the backup. A proposal must respect the other protection relationships that this pair study does not check. 00:50:00.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Backup load For this proposal exercise, enter an assumed 1,000 A maximum continuous current at Relay 14. For a real project, obtain this limit from all required operating cases. 00:50:12.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Device ranges Open the backup device ranges. Use the manufacturer’s available pickup and time-multiplier increments; arbitrary values may not be settable in the relay. 00:50:22.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Proposal limits For practice, retain the displayed assumed ranges: 25% load headroom, 1.5 minimum fault-to-pickup ratio, 0.01 A pickup steps and 0.01 time-multiplier steps. 00:50:32.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Inrush options Expand starting and inrush checks when relevant. Enter the expected primary current and duration; leaving this blank means ride-through remains unassessed. 00:50:42.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Proposal confirm Review the 3 s clearing limit and the 0.30 s margin, then acknowledge the training assumptions. These are exercise constraints, not approved relay settings. 00:50:53.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Proposal run Generate the proposal. Your saved relay settings stay in place until you explicitly apply the reviewed changes. 00:51:02.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Proposal review The candidate keeps Relay 11 fixed and proposes Relay 14 at 0.66 A secondary and time multiplier 0.28. The maximum-case margin is 0.305 s, only just above the 0.30 s requirement. 00:51:16.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Proposal overlay Compare the solid candidate curve with the dashed saved curve. A faster backup changes its coordination with other relays, so review the entire network before adopting it. 00:51:28.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Apply proposal Apply the reviewed candidate to this training copy and test the sequence. This is the step that writes the proposed settings into the project. 00:51:39.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Applied check The healthy fault still clears in 0.260 s through Breaker 11. Now repeat the failure scenario and every other required pair before considering this candidate acceptable. 00:51:51.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Save candidate Save this candidate as a separate project revision so you can compare it with the original settings later. 00:52:00.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Exit Exit relay coordination to return to the drawing and numerical studies. 00:52:08.000 Propose and apply relay settings / Restore original For the remaining lessons, use Undo once to restore the original relay settings. Changes to settings invalidate prior results, so calculate again before issuing a report. 00:52:20.000 Prepare and download study reports / More Before preparing reports, reopen your saved original project and use More for project details and study commands. 00:52:29.000 Prepare and download study reports / Project settings Open Project settings to enter the drawing title, number and revision used in your deliverables. 00:52:37.000 Prepare and download study reports / Title block Expand the title block and revision notes. Record the purpose and assumptions, and identify the actual preparer and reviewer when issuing a real study. 00:52:48.000 Prepare and download study reports / Provisional status Keep this teaching model clearly marked PROVISIONAL. Do not fill checked or approved fields unless the relevant review has actually been completed. 00:52:58.000 Prepare and download study reports / Run current lf Run a fresh Load Flow for the current project before preparing its report. A downloaded report is a snapshot of the model and options used for that calculation. 00:53:10.000 Prepare and download study reports / Open lf actions Open More in the Load-flow summary to access its engineering report. 00:53:18.000 Prepare and download study reports / Open lf Click Report and review the available sections, input status and output formats. 00:53:26.000 Prepare and download study reports / Read readiness Read Report readiness before downloading. Only 1 of 2 defined operating cases has been calculated, and missing continuous ratings remain unassessed; the report is preliminary. 00:53:37.000 Prepare and download study reports / Download audit Download CSV audit data to retain the full input and result schedules for independent checking. 00:53:45.000 Prepare and download study reports / Download pdf Click Download preliminary PDF and keep the downloaded report with your project. Its preliminary status and missing-case findings are retained; generating a PDF does not approve the design. 00:53:57.000 Prepare and download study reports / Sc run Run Short Circuit, then open its separate report. Load-flow reports cover operating performance; short-circuit reports cover fault duties and their stated assumptions. 00:54:07.000 Prepare and download study reports / Sc open Open the short-circuit report and check its study matrix. Each required fault type, source condition and operating case needs its own completed calculation. 00:54:18.000 Prepare and download study reports / Sc findings Read the limitations carefully. This model cannot fully assess time-dependent breaker making, breaking and thermal duty; adding nameplate ratings alone will not resolve that model limitation. 00:54:30.000 Prepare and download study reports / Sc csv Download the short-circuit audit schedules, including the case matrix, local branch currents and source contributions. 00:54:38.000 Prepare and download study reports / Sc pdf Download the short-circuit PDF as a separate deliverable. Check the report title, current snapshot, fault cases, unavailable results and assumptions before sharing it. 00:54:49.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Svg Use Export SVG when you need a vector drawing for documentation. Keep the editable project JSON as well; the picture does not replace the electrical model. 00:55:01.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Page setup Choose Export PDF for the single-line drawing. This uses page setup and is separate from the numerical engineering reports. 00:55:10.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Paper Choose A2 landscape for this wide network. Check the page dimensions and readable label size; use tiling at a fixed scale when one sheet would make details too small. 00:55:23.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Vector pdf Export the vector PDF. Open the saved file and inspect wires, labels, title block and page edges before issuing the drawing. 00:55:33.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Clear results Clear study results when you want a clean drawing. This removes overlays and the active fault while preserving the equipment, parameters and breaker states. 00:55:44.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Final drawing Check your finished network: aligned buses, vertical feeder paths and straight horizontal trip links. Save the editable project before closing the browser. 00:55:54.000 Drawing exports and practice checks / Learners check Now repeat the workflow without the video: draw a branch, enter its data, compare two load cases, assess maximum and minimum faults, check a relay pair and export the evidence. Use the worksheet to check your work.